Nr. 2 (78) / 2019 al revistei Geopolitica are ca tema: MAREA NEAGRA – STRATEGII 2020
MEDIA FAKES AND FAKE CHECKING AS MEANS OF REALIZATION AND OPPOSITION IN THE INFORMATION WAR KREMLIN vs WEST
(Black Sea themes)1
Mar’yan ZHYTARYUK
Abstract. The article shows the aggression of the RF against the West with means of information and psycho–logical warfare – with the help of inventions, misinformation, fake. The presence or absence of opposition from the Ukraine’s, the European Union’s, the United State’s side is actually a litmus test for adequacy, compliance, maturity, ethics, or cynicism among politicians, journalists and observers, countries and regions. Also, the author believes that the enemy can not be underestimated under no circumstances, because it can lead to defeat. Therefore, in the context of information warfare and in order to balance the informational and disinformation regional and global communications spheres, today Ukraine needs to return to the idea of the possibility of training specialists in information and psychological work.
Key words: Russian aggression, effectiveness of information confrontation, media fake, fakcheking, analytics, misinformation, information psychological work.
Key words: 1 Переклад з української – Вікторія Житарюк, магістр журналістики
Doctor of Science in Social Communications, Full Professor, Professor at the Department of Foreign Press and Information Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Ukraine
У статті показано агресію РФ проти Заходу засобами інформаційно-психологічної війни – з допомогою вигадок, дезінформації, фейків. Наявність або відсутність протистояння з боку України, Європейського Союзу, США – фактично лакмусовий тест на адекватність, відповідність, зрілість, етичність, або ж цинізм політиків, журналістів та оглядачів, країн та регіонів. Також автор вважає, що за жодних умов не можна недооцінювати ворога, бо це може призвести до поразки. Тому в умовах інформаційної війни і з метою встановлення балансу на інформаційному та дезінформаційному регіональному та глобальному просторах комунікації, сьогодні Україні необхідно повернутися до ідеї про можливість підготовки фахівців з інформаційно-психологічної роботи.
Ключові слова: агресія Росії, ефективність інформаційного протистояння, медійні фейки, фактчекінг, аналітика, дезінформація, інформаційно-психологічна робота.
The media
fictions are deliberate, well-planned and organized fabrications, lies,
defamation, slander, etc., broken down by traditional (newspapers, magazines,
radio, television) and new media (sites, blogs and convergence) and new, new
media (social networks including personal pages), or free and dominant
information beyond the will of the recipient[2].
The latter (new new media) can not be considered as mass media in the classical
sense of the word (such as profession, creativity, production capacity, with
professional and ethical standards following), but their targeting, efficiency,
and are multiplied by the implementation of the needs and intentions of the
addressee, are able to overcome any boundaries and barriers practically
instantaneously, the coefficient of usefulness is not less, but quite often – higher
than in other mass media. It is as chemical or bacteriological weapon, which
does not directly cause a fire strike, but almost always reaches the goal. Some
people (recipients) almost instantly recognize the fake, but the majority of
the audience which – not is enough experienced, very confident and even naive, is
unable to recognize the truth, to distinguish it from fiction, at least
immediately and independently.
Fakchecking is
one of the most common, fairly effective methods and tools for fighting fake.
Sometimes, even experienced journalists criticize scholars, so to speak, why it’s
invent a new term when there is an ordinary process in journalistic
professional work – verification of facts. Some are inclined to equate
fakcheking with a journalistic investigation. In a general, metaphorical sense,
all these concepts can be put on one plane, as, for example, personification,
metonymy and synecdoche (varieties of metaphors and types of trails). But to be
precise, it must be said that fakchecking, fact-finding and journalistic
investigation are close but different concepts. Why? Verification of facts is a
refinement of data, information, on the basis of comparison of data, documents
and testimonies, and determination of the possibility of publication. The
journalistic investigation is a search for predominantly non-public, well-hidden
public, socially and / or socially important information through in-depth study
and active work of the investigative journalist, as well as insiders (the
latter, of course, can not be
called). Fakcheking is a check of facts from official and open sources plus
their research, but without insider information, and the determining of a
verdict, for example: True, it is not true, manipulation...
Analytics is
the most perfect method in terms of comprehension and design of hypotheses and
versions, the search for alternatives, etc., but not at all massive, that is,
complex, non-public, unpopular from the point of view of the inhabitant it’s.
The most effective and quite often indispensable in taking into account the
positions and development of strategies by people plenipotentiary in coming to
a decision.
Deza,
misinformation work on the enemy’s territory. Anthony in to “informational work”.
That is the right information, but appropriate (desirable) for the transmitter
and inappropriate (undesirable) for the recipient. In a hybrid war, where
psychological and information operations, lingua-psychological programming, etc.
are used, is required to maintain tone and status. Together with fakcheking,
analytics, the deza significantly increases the chances of neutralizing the
fake message of the opponent, and is able to establish information superiority
and even domination.
The
confrontation of the RF against the West – is the obvious thing: this is not a
fake, and fakcheking is superfluous here. However, the same confrontation is
actually a litmus test for adequacy, compliance, maturity, ethics, cynicism of
Western politicians, journalists and observers, countries and regions in the
form of sanctions, but not sectoral ones, which would cause a more significant
blow. Everyone knows about economic sanctions against certain Russian
businessmen and politicians and a number of Russian enterprises introduced for
the annexation of the Ukrainian Crimea, but many in today’s Europe (in
different countries) would like to see these sanctions, if not completely
removed, at least weaken. Sometimes motivation – even according to F. Mogherini
and A. Merkel – is, quite strange that is: the implementation of the Minsk
agreements. But, firstly, the Minsk agreements between the terrorists and the
Moscow invaders were and are not fulfilled (it is worth mentioning Putin’s
decree concerning an introducing a Russian passport system among Ukrainian
citizens in temporarily occupied territories[3],
which was condemned by Western leaders and international institutions). Secondly,
it was already forgotten that the sanctions were intended not for the Donbas,
but for the Crimea, which, in honor to of the international community, has not
been recognized as the territory of the Russian Federation.
There is no
shortage of reasons for hesitation regarding sanctions, support for the Kremlin’s
lobbying.
For example, these
are the consequences of information warfare, religious and cultural
confrontation (according to Kremlin figures, such as S. Lavrov, soft power) of
the RF against the other world; political corruption of Russia (bribery of
Western politicians, creation and maintenance or sponsorship of political and
public projects of the pro-Kremlin branch); economic lobbying and financial
corruption (projects for the construction of gas pipelines and their
implementation on the bottom of the Baltic and Black Seas, nuclear projects in
the Third World countries); demonstration of biceps and warriors (Georgia,
Ukraine, Syria); indecision of Western leaders; the impotence of international
organizations (OSCE, UN); delaying of real reforms in Ukraine; banal fatigue,
etc. The list is somewhat chaotic, incomplete, but not less than correct.
Conducting a
hybrid war against the West, the official Kremlin does not restrict itself in
using different methods and techniques - both civilized and, seemingly, totally
unacceptable. And the logic of the contender for the role of the world gendarme
can be understood: it works, pushes the enemy into a stupor, depriving him of
the ability to respond adequately and timely. It is impossible to understand
the other: why does the world community, which was as hands of V. Putin team
victim and a toy in for a rather long time actually (except to financial and
economic levers) further stubbornly underestimates the enemy? Why did not she work
out an effective strategy of confrontation and further victory in the
civilization war along the “West-East” axis? Numerous worries about the various
actions of Moscow political and military leaders, ineffective appeals and
condemnation regarding the observance of the rights and freedoms of Russian
citizens and Ukrainians prisoners, on the contrary, give additional incentives to
Putin not to stop but only to build up confrontation and, thus further to check
the strength of western institutions and political unions.
As we have
already noted, one of the most effective methods is the information warfare and
the implementation of soft power policies. Why it’s necessary to fight in
Europe in the literal sense of the word, if you can shake up the situation
supporting terrorist acts (France), implementing scenarios with migrants,
opposing the EU new challenges every time? There are enough polygons in Ukraine
and Syria, even to divert attention from the civilizational occupation in safe
Europe.
Fakes on
television and in the Internet in the Moscov’s struggle against the West are
sufficiently effective in Europe. It is the easiest way to spread the lie and
the fabrications. The Army of Russian bomber
manipulators block an adequate reaction and implement the Kremlin scenarios in
social networks in Western countries. The situation often does not fit into the
common sense and comes to a paradox: the Germans, the victory over those in the
Second World War is still fanatically celebrated in the Russian Federation,
which frankly attributed the victory of the anti-Hitler coalition exclusively
to itself, these Germans, I’m repeating, their politicians and businessmen,
would like to withdraw sanctions from the RF. Hungarians and Czechs as have though
forgotten that at one time, blood was shed from Soviet tanks on the streets of
their capitals (Budapest, 1956 and Prague, 1968), and their land was trampled
by boots of Soviet soldiers, which the present-day Moscow actually identifies
with the concept of “Russian”. Therefore politicians from Budapest and Prague
often create a pro-Kremlin situational anti-Ukrainian and pro-Russian coalition
(including both language and education, and with regard to national
minorities), trying to draw potential allies in Warsaw, Sofia, Bucharest into
their dirty play and the pro-Moscow orbit.
In its open
aggression against the West, with the so-called the soft power of the Russian
Federation does not deter any means. For example, on the TVC agreed that
Ukrainian scholars consider that the Black Sea was paying attention! – dug up
by the ancient Ukrainians, that Santa Claus (Did Moroz) is forbidden in
Ukraine, that Stepan Bandera is Jesus Christ, Noah and Spartak were Ukrainians,
etc.! [4] Is it possible to interpret Ukrainian as a scientist after this
seriously? Of course it is not. Can such TV channels that in the Russia of
Putin’s era exist as clones in the formation of the agenda, propagandists and
manipulators, be considered as mass media, and not tools for zombing,
propaganda and manipulation?
It is
important to give a short reference about the joint-stock company “TV Center”.
Information about what position do they adhere to will be taken from the site
of the TV company: “one of the leading Russian TV companies”, “since 2013 TV
Center» is included in the first multiplex – dozens of nationwide obligatory public TV channels”, “the federal television channel,
that in the around the clock regime talks about politics and economy, social
sphere and international events, science and technology, culture, history and
sports”, “seriously, honestly and relevantly – about everything that cares
about the inhabitants of Russia”, “transfers it’s TV guides are reviewed in all
85 subjects of the Russian Federation, and its audience is roughly ... 146
million people”, “the international version of the channel is reviewed by the
people in the CIS, Baltic, East and West Europe, Canada, in the United States, in
the Middle East and North Africa. In total, this is about 32 million viewers” [5]. If the
information about the number of viewers
is correct, then it is astonish: 146 and 32 million is 178 million, or more
than one third of the total population of the EU, in which, by 2018, there were
503 million inhabitants! [6]
On the
popular StopFake resource, which proves itself as a means of fight with false
information about events in Ukraine, as long as in in January 2015, the
information about the Black Sea mines from the Ukrainians in the filing of the
TVC presenting was refuted[7].
It is proved here that the book of some Edmund Kvasiv, on the Russian TV
channels, “A History of Ukrainians from the Beginning to the Present Day”, as
though published in Kyiv at the publishing house “Prosvita”, is an overall fiction, however nobody knows such a
historian, the publishing house has never published such book! There is neither
a man nor a book, but there are fictitious quotations that are still circulated!
It is said about the “handmaking” of Black Sea that is a fake, but it didn’t
said about other fake from the same TVC material. In addition, what is the
audience in the TVC, and what is in StopFake? Despite the fact that the same
theme is raised on another resource – FakeOff, where in the publication “Who
are the Ukrainians? Why do they need the Black Sea? “Fake is from Russia” Pavel
Poniatowski ridicules the leading news editor of the TV channel Anna Prokhorova[8].
He actually thinks that those who have read, have heard, have seen a
refutation, there are at times, in
dozens, and sometimes hundreds of times less than those who have perceived a lie, not as a lie, but as the
truth. And there is in this the greatest insidiousness of information killers,
which formed the backbone of the Russian information forces and against which
there is virtually no antidote, that is, an effective, timely and adequate
counteraction.
Let’s recall
other fake on the Black Sea theme.
News agency
“The RIA Novosti” blamed the statement by F. Mogherini in Strasbourg on October
23, 2018[9],
in which it was said that the Russian Federation, grossly disregarding
international law, after the annexation of the Crimea, had actually taken
possession of the Black and Azov Seas, forgetting that the Black Sea is European.
I quote:
“We all
agreed to the basic principle that our frontiers cannot be changed by military
force. This is a principle, this is a value, on which our common living
together is based. This is also a fundamental interest of all Europeans,
because this is the foundation of peace and security on our European continent.
When this principle is violated – as it has been (the point is about the annexation of the
Crimea and Azov Sea militarization – M.Z.)– we are all less secure in our
continent”; “The events in the Sea of Azov are a demonstration of this: when
the basic rules of peaceful coexistence are disregarded, instability and
tensions are bound to rise. The construction of the Kerch Bridge between the
Crimean peninsula and the Russian Federation took place without Ukraine’s
consent, and it constitutes another violation of Ukraine’s sovereignty and
territorial integrity. On top of that, the bridge hinders the passage of
vessels to Ukrainian ports in the Azov Sea”; “…the Black Sea is a European sea,
and we do not want to witness yet another military build-up in our immediate
region. We will continue to push for the respect of international law and
conventions, and to support Ukraine in these challenging circumstances” [10].
The Black Sea
is naturally a European one, because besides Russia, Georgia and Ukraine (these
are also countries in Europe, though not in the European Union), it washes the
banks of the EU countries – Bulgaria and Romania, and Turkey (which, just like
all named states, is the member of the Council of Europe). But the political
critique of the militarization of the Black Sea region is not pleasant for
Russia, therefore, after the Kremlin scenario very strange, practically
meaningless, indignant accusations and objections appeared.
A number of
blogs and news resources reported about Russian military provocation in the Black
Sea in April 2014, about 27 members of the crew of American destroyer “Donald
Cook” filed a report on resignation after they were conducting patrol, Russian
fighter SU-24 flew 12 times in close proximity near their ship. In fact, to put
it mildly, the situation was a bit different. And this is detailed in the
publication “Lies: the crew of an American destroyer scared of the Russian
fighter” on the site StopFake[11].
The table
shows what was really and how was it commented on, and what did the Kremlin
intelligence forces invent.
|
What was really[12] |
What is a fake, a fiction |
|
Colonel
Steve Warren: “This provocative and
unprofessional Russian action is inconsistent with their national protocols
and previous agreements on the professional interaction between our
militaries”, - said Colonel Steve Warren, a Pentagon spokesman. Warren said a Russian Su-24
aircraft, or Fencer, made 12 passes at low altitude near the USS Donald Cook,
a destroyer that has been in the Black Sea since April 10. It appeared to be
unarmed, he told reporters. “The
incident lasted 90 minutes and took place on Saturday evening while the U.S.
ship was conducting a patrol in international waters in the western Black
Sea, Warren said. The ship is now in a Romanian port”. |
Pentagon
Colonel Steve Warren called these maneuvers “frightening and unacceptable as it demoralizes the personnel of the ship
and negatively affects the overall psychological climate among the military”
(our selection – M. Zh.). After all, after this experience, “27 brave seamen
from the destroyer, “Donald Cook” filed
reports on dismissal (the information is unconfirmed, but it sounds
beautiful)” [13]. “Members
of the ship crew go off the necessary procedures with the psychologist to
recover from the stress...” [14] |
So-called
event fake became usual. For example, on the background of Ukraine’s
preparations for the second round of the presidential elections was reported in
Russia that NATO was seeking to exacerbate the situation in the Black Sea
region, as Turkish, Romanian, Bulgarian and Dutch ships entered Ukrainian and
Georgian ports. Such opinion was expressed by Deputy Chairman of the State Duma
Committee on Defense Yuri Shvytkin.
According to
a StopFake resource that finds out false and lies, some Russian experts went
even further and stated that NATO purposely “provoked” Russia. According to
Konstantin Blokhin, an expert of the Center for Research on Safety Issues of
the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Alliance uses any country that is located next to Russia in its
interests: “Georgia, NATO and Ukraine show together some anti-Russian
orientation. All this is done in order to make Russia nervous” [15].
In fact, large-scale navy training of NATO, Ukraine and Georgia began on April
5th. y., and the North Atlantic Alliance ships entered Ukrainian and Georgian
ports (as it was planned a long time ago), a little earlier – on April 1 – due
to the need to coordinate joint actions during exercises.
Incidentally,
the StopFake team exposed fake from the Russian Federation regarding
multinational military exercises in Ukraine many times. For example, the
fabrication of campaigners and white-stone propagandists that the admission of
foreign troops into the territory of Ukraine was made for the final collapse of
the country was completely false.
Another very
popular fiction in Russia, the classic manipulation of their information
forces, is that the feasible desire of Ukraine and Georgia to NATO membership “threatens
Russia’s security”, and the main object of Brussels’s cooperation with Tbilisi
and Kiev is “provoking the Kremlin. Sufficient argument in this regard is the
statement by NATO Secretary General Yens Stoltenberg on April 4 thy. He said
that Ukraine and Georgia are sovereign states that can build their foreign
policy at their discretion without agreeing with Russia” (listen to audio from
10:21) [16].
Previous
fakes is only a fraction of a powerful disinformation potential. In the same
spirit, the Kremlin agitprop humiliates and ridicules any pro-Ukrainian or pro-European
initiatives. For example on February 5th the warriors of fabrication (“Free Press”,” Izvestia”, “RIA
Novosti “and other propaganda media) also spoke about the fact that Moldova
surrenders Transnistria to Russia for the sake of joining NATO for the sake of
joining NATO. StopFake quotes Lenta.ru: “The country is ready to abandon (from
Transnistria – ed.), if it becomes a stumbling block for the development of
cooperation with NATO and accession to the European Union” [17]. “Vesti”
summarize: “If it turns out that countries with unresolved territorial problems
can not enter the EU, Chisinau is ready to refuse to reintegrate with
Transnistria” [18]. In fact, a politician from Chisinau,
Speaker of the Moldova Parliament Andrian Kandu, in his interview to the
Ukrainian Internet media “European Truth” said another: “Personally, I believe:
we can arrange if Russia gets the guarantees of Moldova’s non-accession to
NATO, as well as guarantees that Moldova will not unite with Romania, that the Russian people will not be deprived
of the rights guaranteed by the the
international standards to the minorities – then we will be able to arrange
about an international peacekeeping mission in Transnistria, not Russian one, on the export (or liquidation) huge
repository weapons storage facility, which is located there. And at the same
time, we will give the widest possible
autonomy to Transnistria – even broader than Gagauzia has”. Asked about what will happen to
the Moldova’s movement to the EU, Kandu
replied that “there can not be any discussion here. It is definitely our
future. This is not the price of the Moldova reintegration, which can be
discussed. If it turns out that the price is a refusal of European integration,
then our answer will be – no, we are not ready to pay such a price” [19].
That is, the Kremlin will not force the official Chisinau to abandon the
pro-Western course of the country and accession to the European Union, and all
the conditions for Chisinau is put forward by Russia, and not by the European
Union, as follows from the reports of agitprop.
On November
25, 2018, in neutral waters of the Black Sea, near the Crimea, an act of
military aggression of the naval forces of the Russian Federation against the
navy forces of Ukraine took place. Most of the media, both Ukrainian and
international, either by mistake or by incompetence, reported the attack as an
incident in the Kerch Strait. In fact, the use of large-scale weapons, a
powerful attack on rags and abandoned seagulls, which the occupiers still do
not recognize as prisoners of war, can hardly be called an incident. This is –
firstly. Secondly, in the Kerch Strait, under the bridge, there was a first
delay of navigation, and subsequently the impossibility of the ships movement in connection with the overpass of the fairway
with the help of the Russian tanker. When it became clear that the Russian
military would not let pass Ukrainian boats through the Strait for further
follow-up to the Ukrainian ports of Berdyansk and Mariupol, the Ukrainian
military command ordered to return to a permanent base to the port of Odessa.
Despite the accumulation of military capabilities at sea and in the air, it was
still naive to assume that there was a misunderstanding in the Kerch Strait,
there was an incident that has not yet been resolved. However, when about 19:00
the Ukrainian Navy’s ships began moving to exit the Azov Sea pursueing by of
the Russian Navy, it became clear that this is something more than an incident,
and it has not been resolved. Around 20.20, after leaving the 12-mile coastal
zone, in international waters of the Black Sea, Russians attacked Ukrainian
boats (see video of the ram’s[20]).
The small armored artillery boat “Berdyansk” was damaged, he lost his turn.
Ukrainian sailors were injured on board. As on 22.00 two Ukrainian ships were
captured and six sailors were injured: the list of trophies was supplemented by
a raiding tugs “Yana Kapu”. Instead, the small armored artillery boat “Nikopol”
is blocked and followed by the invaders[21].
As a result
of the open aggression of Russia’s armed forces against Ukraine, the National
Security and Defense Council of Ukraine, the UN Security Council was convened, a one-month military status was
announced in ten regions of Ukraine (those having access to the seas and close
to the border to Transnistria Vinnytsia region), the western countries, whose representatives
condemned Russia’s open military aggression against Ukraine took Ukraine’s side again. Meanwhile, our
northern neighbors interpreting, Ukraine and Ukrainians once again emerged as
entirely fools – with “three rusty boats”, the president – as “the new Ukrainian Führer”,
which specifically provoked a conflict, and so on. StopFake notices that after
an attack in Russian propaganda media aggressive information campaign was
intensified and accelerated. Here, do not deteriorate the usual techniques for
spreading fake and manipulations[22].
A little time
passes, and already on December 12, 2018, the media resource StopFake again
sounds the alarm: “Russian propaganda media continue to distribute fake and
manipulations associated with events unfolding in the waters of the Azov and
Black Seas. Thus, the last reason for such an interpretation was the resolving
by Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine in the second reading of the Law “On the Adjacent
Marine Zone of Ukraine”, established in accordance with the UN Convention on
the Law of the Sea” [23].
Anna Romanash
made enough solid press round-up (“Russia has been for an year distributing fake documents about the Sea of Azov while
preparing for the Kerch crisis (world press)” [24].The author focuses on
how the British newspaper “The Guardian” reported on a campaign for
misinformation, which Russia began a year before the events in the Kerch Strait
in order to justify its aggression in the face of Europeans, she also recalls
the online media “EUobserver”, in its opinion Russia has used propaganda to destabilize the
Ukrainian East and to incite the protests in France and Montenegro to identify
how the EU will respond to the propaganda; she draws attention to the discrepancies in the
interpretation of the Holodomor in Ukraine and in the West (“New Eastern Europe”
Magazine)...
In the
context of need for real confrontation not to survive, but to victory in the
Black Sea region and global geopolitics, the words of the President of Romania
Klaus Werner Johannis, pronounced in February, can be considered appropriate.
During a speech at the Munich Conference on Security Issues, he said about the
need to strengthen the presence of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO) in the Black Sea region: “As the European Union implements its sanctions
decisions, it must continue to do so. NATO must further strengthen its
deterrence and defense capabilities at the eastern border. That is why Romania
strongly supports the strengthening of cohesion on the eastern flank. Moreover,
in the Black Sea region, where the security environment is increasingly
confronted with challenges, as we have seen recently, a greater NATO presence
is required” [25].
It would be
easier to resist fake if they were accidental and scary episodes in the
information space, but under the conditions when Russian television and the
Internet, including social networks, turned from means of informing and
communication methods to global and total facets, a real counteraction, besides
fakchecking, unfortunately, is rather problematic, not always systemic and, of
course, not total and not global. Although certain attempts and successful
examples also take place on the front of counterpropaganda, which is based on
truth, competence, timeliness, systematic character, that is, qualitative
analytics. For example, in the article “The United States took seriously
control of Russia in the Black Sea” in the subdivision “Why is not the Turkish
“NATO” navy in the Black Sea enough” Vyacheslav Masnyi emphasizes that even without
US ships, the NATO bloc has quite enough
means in the Black Sea to threaten Russia. “The navy of the NATO’s member Turkey, even without the
support of the forces of Bulgaria and Romania, seriously prevails the Black Sea
Fleet of the Russian Federation. Unfortunately, it is impossible to set hopes on Turkey entirely
on the current state of Russian-Turkish relations” [26],
because “Turkey, in accordance with the terms of the convention, has the right
to pass military ships through the Black Sea channels at its own discretion in
the event of a military threat. If this threat really comes from Russia, it is
more likely that Turkey will turn towards its military bloc” [27].
Therefore, the constant presence of NATO warships in the northern Black Sea
region is really necessary to prevent a repeat of the Kerch scenario. “Realizing
this need, NATO constantly sends ships and patrol groups to the Black Sea. If
in 2017 the NATO patrols were in the Black Sea for a total of 80 days totally,
then in 2018 there will be 120. And in 2019, it would obviously have to wait
for an even longer duration of military missions of NATO navies in the Black
Sea” [28].
On the other
hand, one can not but agree with the author that “the Ukrainian military fleet must still
be the main protection of our (Ukrainian. – M. Zh.) shores and sea spaces” [29].
But it is rather weak, therefore, unfortunately, is currently prematurely to
speak about the open confrontation with the Russian navy forces. President
Poroshenko’s five-year plan has been marked by some attempts to attract our Western
allies in the fight against the Russian Federation in favor of the development
of the Ukraine’s navy forces, in particular, of the development of
infrastructure and navy composition of the fleet, but this effort is clearly
not enough. Paradoxically, the problem was revealed even by US combat boats for
Ukraine, which are still at the disposal of the United States[30].
So, it’s naive to hope for a rapid growth of Ukraine’s military power in the
navy. Almost everything created by Ukraine for the development of the Navy over
20 years of independence was lost during the annexation by Russia of Crimea in
the spring of 2014.
The magazine “Black
Sea Security” is authoritative in expert circles and analytic centres (founder
– the Center for assistance to the geopolitical problems and Euro-Atlantic
cooperation of the Black sea region studies “Nomos” (Sevastopol), publisher –
Centre for Global Studies “Strategy XXI” (Kyiv)) in the joint report “Military
Development of Crimea” enumerates “military trophies” – the navy warships of
Ukraine captured during the occupation of the Crimea, for which the occupation
authorities form new crews in the Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Federation: “1. “Konstantin Olshansky” large landing ship
(98 people crew); 2. “Prydniprovia” missile boat (corvette) (44 people crew);
3. “Lutsk “small anti-submarine ship (corvette) (90 people crew); 4. “Ternopil “small
anti-submarine ship (corvette) (90 people crew); 5. “Khmelnytsky “small
anti-submarine ship (corvette) (36 people crew); 6. “Chernigov “trawler (68
people crew); 7. “Cherkasy” trawler (68 people crew); 8. “Slavutich “control
ship (129 people crew). The number of these crews and coastal personnel will
add yet thousand people more to the number of the RF Black Sea Fleet personnel
in the occupied Crimea. Russian troops in Crimea include surface and submarine
forces of the Black Sea Fleet”[31].
Under current
conditions, Ukraine needs to join NATO.
And the faster, the better for everyone, except for the Russian Federation. There
is no other way of establishing a real balance in the Black Sea region. As long
as the Kremlin feykometes (television, the press, radio, new media and new new
media) divert the attention of the world to trifles and quasi-problems, Ukraine
and its allies in the Black Sea cooperation (Romania, Bulgaria, Georgia, NATO
as a whole, the EU) must remember the bitter the reality – both about the
restoration of nuclear potential in the Crimea and the build-up of the Russian
armed forces in the region and on the bold plans and imperial interests of the
Kremlin to redistribute forces and interests in transforming the political map
of Europe from the standpoint of force, not international law, and therefore
must learn to really confront the aggressor from a position of strength, not
express concern or anxiety.
Like the eve
of the Second World War, the diplomatic appeasement of the aggressor in A.
Hitler and the Third Reich is ineffective. Bohdan Yaremenko, the former
Ukrainian Consul General in Istanbul, chairman of the “Maydan of Foreign
Affairs” Foundation (expert and public platform for foreign policy) [32],
in the comments “The Black Sea region between the US, the EU and Russia”, in
September 2017 correctly set the emphasis: “Russia will continue to use all
available resources to secure dominance in the Black Sea region. It is not
known \ it is unclear \ difficult to predict how much in reality it has
political, economic and military resources to achieve this goal... The United
States has no doctrine or strategy in the region. From the point of view of the
processes of the last decade, the United States has been pursuing inconsistent
and sometimes controversial policies regarding the most important events or
processes in the region” [33].
As you know,
an underestimation of the enemy is a conceptual error and a path to defeat. It
can not be assumed under any conditions, even in the format of informational
and psychological confrontation. One of the features of information warfare is
resources: intellectual, financial, moral, etc. They are not limitless. Instead
of creating competitive texts and projects, demonstrations of positive visions
of the universe, as observed in the pages of the magazines “Black Sea Security”
(Kyiv), “Geopolitics “(Bucharest), many talented authors have to spend their
strength and time, talent and ability to refute fabrications, allegations and
lies in the form of verdicts such as “the truth” – “wrong” – “manipulation”...
Of course, this negatively affects both the efficiency and quality of
communications, but it seems that only a
few in the world are really concerned...
Our old
initiatives, expressed in a series of articles and in the monograph “Socio-cultural
model of journalism: traditions and innovation” in 2008 about the need for
training specialists in information and psychological work, seem to be still
relevant, because they still have to state: the defenselessness of the national
information space Ukraine; the absence of a real system of information and
disinformation counterbalances, even in the presence of the most patriotic
rhetoric of the first persons in the state; neglect of the problem of Ukrainian
press development offices abroad and so on[34].
Therefore, “inadequate response to accusations (slack, unprofessional) is
equivalent to the absence of any reaction. The most qualified justification,
firstly, allows us to understand and to interpret the exculpatory action as a
confession of guilt, and secondly, as a rule, it is often little heard since there it’s secondary information, as if the
information accompanying of the main information (often compromised) that has
already been heard was recorded on which relied. Therefore, an adequate
reaction during the information war with the help of disinformation is the
possibility of a similar disinformation blow in response to an adequate (or
greater) consequence (political, economic, moral harm...)” [35].
References
1.
Bohdan Yaremenko, Tetiana Huchakova, Andrii Klymenko, Olha Korbut, Yurii Smelianskyi. Military Build-up of Crimea // Black Sea Security:
analytical magazine. 2017. # 2
(30). P. 23-24 (14-33). URL: https://geostrategy.org.ua/images/bss_2_engl.pdf
2.
http://toparmy.ru/istoriya-vojn/konflikty/su-24-i-esminec-donald-kuk-donald-cook-foto.html
3.
http://www.tvc.ru/section/show/id/3
4.
https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/audio/audio_2019_04/20190404_190404d.mp3
5.
https://www.stopfake.org/fejk-ukrainskie-uchenye-schitayut-chto-chernoe-more-vykopali-drevnie-ukry/
6.
https://www.stopfake.org/lozh-ekipazh-amerikanskogo-esmintsa-ispugalsya-rossijskogo-istrebitelya/
7.
New new media / Paul Levinson. Previous ed.: Boston,
Mass.: Pearson, 2009.
8.
Pavel Poniatowski. Кто такие укры? Зачем им Черное
море? – Фэйк родом из России // ФэйкОфф. 2015. 5 февр. URL: http://fakeoff.org/history/kto-takie-ukry-zachem-im-chernoe-more-feyk-rodom-iz-rossii
9.
Speech by High
Representative/Vice-President Federica Mogherini at the European Parliament
plenary session on the situation in the Sea of Azov. Strasbourg, 2018, 23
October. URL: https://www.eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-Homepage/52626/speech-hrvp-federica-mogherini-situation-sea-azov_en; Link
to the video: https://ec.europa.eu/avservices/video/player.cfm?ref=I162142
10.
UPDATE 1-Russian jet’s passes near U.S. ship in Black Sea “provocative” –
Pentagon // Reuters. 2014. 14
april. URL: https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-russia-blacksea/update-1-russian-jets-passes-near-u-s-ship-in-black-sea-provocative-pentagon-idUSL2N0N60V520140414. Про це ж: https://www.stopfake.org/lozh-ekipazh-amerikanskogo-esmintsa-ispugalsya-rossijskogo-istrebitelya/
11.
Бершадский Юрий. Российские
СМИ возмутились словам Могерини о «европейском Черном море». Но оно
действительно европейское // Инсайдер. 2018. 24 октября. URL: https://theins.ru/antifake/123852?fbclid=IwAR27IhCZIPye_kpRvjArjGtbQFpD_EojA824OPGBeF54zdQ70zajbXoMHnA
12. Війна у Керченській протоці: таран, штурмовики
та захоплення українських кораблів // Українська правда. 2018. 25 листопада.
URL: https://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2018/11/25/7199243/
13.
Житарюк Мар’ян. Соціокультурна модель журналістики: традиції і новаторство:
Монографія. Львів: Простір-М, 2008. С. 315-316. URL: https://tmk-ti-vdpu.at.ua/_ld/0/30_monograf_a5_cd.pdf
14. Лавриш Юліана. Віртуальна
реальність у системі нових медіа // Вісник Львівського університету. Серія Журналістика. 2019. Випуск 46. С. 320 (304–309) (Visnyk of the
Lviv University. Series Journalism. 2019. Issue 46. P. 320 (304–309).
15.
Ложь: экипаж американского
эсминца испугался российского истребителя // StopFake. 2014. 16 апреля. URL: https://www.stopfake.org/lozh-ekipazh-amerikanskogo-esmintsa-ispugalsya-rossijskogo-istrebitelya/
16.
Масний Вячеслав. США серйозно взялися контролювати Росію в Чорному морі //
УНІАН. 2019. 26 лютого. URL: https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-polytics/2648775-ssa-serjozno-vzalisa-kontroluvati-rosiu-v-cornomu-mori.html
17.
Напад
Росії на українські кораблі: фейки і маніпуляції // StopFake. 2018. 28 листопада. URL: https://www.stopfake.org/uk/napad-rosiyi-na-ukrayinski-korabli-fejki-i-manipulyatsiyi/
18. Населення
Європейського Союзу // Вікіпедія. останнє оновлення: 23
квітня 2019. URL: https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D1%83
19.
Романдаш Анна. Росія рік поширювала фейки
про Азовське море, готуючись до Керченської кризи (світова преса) // Радіо
«Свобода». 2018. 11 грудня. URL: https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/29650610.html
20.
Російське судно таранить українське в
Чорному морі – відео. URL: https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/video-taranazov-sea/29620048.html
21.
Румунія виступила
за посилення присутності НАТО в Чорному морі //
УНІАН. 2019. 16 лют. URL: https://www.unian.ua/politics/10448745-prezident-rumuniji-pidtrimav-posilennya-nato-v-chornomu-mori.html
22.
Сидоренко Сергій. Молдовський спікер:
Відмова від євроінтеграції? Ні, це не буде ціною повернення Придністров’я! //
Європейська правда. 2019. 04 лютого. URL: https://www.eurointegration.com.ua/interview/2019/02/4/7092165/
23. США запропонували Києву прийняти декілька
кораблів для ВМС України – екс-посол // УНІАН. 2018. 20 грудня. URL: https://www.unian.ua/war/10384269-ssha-zaproponuvali-kiyevu-priynyati-dekilka-korabliv-dlya-vms-ukrajini-eks-posol.html
24.
Указ президента РФ «Об отдельных категориях иностранных граждан и лиц без гражданства, имеющих право
обратиться с заявлениями о приеме в гражданство
Российской Федерации в упрощенном
порядке». 2019 р.,1 мая. URL: http://kremlin.ru/acts/news/60429
25.
Украинские историки создают для населения псевдореальность // ТВЦ. 2014. 23
ноября. URL: http://www.tvc.ru/news/show/id/55735
26. Фейк: Молдова отказалась от Приднестровья в
угоду НАТО // StopFake. 2019. 11 февраля. URL: https://www.stopfake.org/fejk-moldova-otkazalas-ot-pridnestrovya-v-ugodu-nato/
27.
Фейк:
НАТО, Украина и Грузия накаляют обстановку в Черноморском регионе // StopFake.
2019. 10 апреля. URL: https://www.stopfake.org/fejk-nato-ukraina-i-gruziya-nakalyayut-obstanovku-v-chernomorskom-regione/
28. Фейк: Україна затримуватиме в Чорному морі усі судна РФ і стрілятиме на ураження // StopFake. 2018. 12 грудня. URL: https://www.stopfake.org/uk/fejk-ukrayina-zatrymuvatyme-v-chornomu-mori-usi-sudna-rf-i-strilyatyme-na-urazhennya/
29. Яременко Богдан. Чорноморський
регіон між США, ЄС та Росією // Новое время. 2017. 19 верес. URL: https://nv.ua/ukr/opinion/chornomorskij-region-mizh-ssha-jes-ta-rosijeju-1876473.html?prefer_lang=ukr
22.04 – 07.05.2019
[1] Переклад з української – Вікторія Житарюк, магістр
журналістики
[2] Лавриш Юліана. Віртуальна реальність у системі нових
медіа // Вісник
Львівського університету. Серія Журналістика. 2019. Випуск 46. С. 320 (304–309) (Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Journalism. 2019. Issue 46. P. 320 (304–309). Цит. за: New new media / Paul Levinson. Previous ed.: Boston, Mass.: Pearson,
2009.
[3] Указ президента РФ «Об отдельных категориях иностранных граждан и лиц без гражданства, имеющих право обратиться с заявлениями о приеме в гражданство Российской
Федерации в упрощенном порядке». 2019 р.,1 мая. URL: http://kremlin.ru/acts/news/60429
[4] Украинские историки создают для населения псевдореальность // ТВЦ. 2014. 23
ноября. URL: http://www.tvc.ru/news/show/id/55735
[6]
Населення Європейського Союзу. Див.: Вікіпедія.
[7]
https://www.stopfake.org/fejk-ukrainskie-uchenye-schitayut-chto-chernoe-more-vykopali-drevnie-ukry/
[8] Pavel Poniatowski.
Кто такие укры? Зачем им Черное море? – Фэйк родом из России //
ФэйкОфф. 2015. 5 февр. URL: http://fakeoff.org/history/kto-takie-ukry-zachem-im-chernoe-more-feyk-rodom-iz-rossii
[9] Див.: Бершадский Юрий. Российские
СМИ возмутились словам Могерини о «европейском Черном море». Но оно
действительно европейское // Инсайдер. 2018. 24 октября. URL: https://theins.ru/antifake/123852?fbclid=IwAR27IhCZIPye_kpRvjArjGtbQFpD_EojA824OPGBeF54zdQ70zajbXoMHnA
[10] Speech by
High Representative/Vice-President Federica Mogherini at the European
Parliament plenary session on the situation in the Sea of Azov. Strasbourg, 2018, 23
October. URL: https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-Homepage/52626/speech-hrvp-federica-mogherini-situation-sea-azov_en; Link to
the video: https://ec.europa.eu/avservices/video/player.cfm?ref=I162142
[11] Цит. за: Ложь:
экипаж американского эсминца испугался российского истребителя // StopFake. 2014. 16 апреля. URL: https://www.stopfake.org/lozh-ekipazh-amerikanskogo-esmintsa-ispugalsya-rossijskogo-istrebitelya/
[12] Цит. за:
UPDATE 1-Russian jet's passes near U.S. ship in Black Sea 'provocative' –
Pentagon // Reuters. 2014. 14 april. URL: https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-russia-blacksea/update-1-russian-jets-passes-near-u-s-ship-in-black-sea-provocative-pentagon-idUSL2N0N60V520140414. Про це ж: https://www.stopfake.org/lozh-ekipazh-amerikanskogo-esmintsa-ispugalsya-rossijskogo-istrebitelya/
[14] https://www.stopfake.org/lozh-ekipazh-amerikanskogo-esmintsa-ispugalsya-rossijskogo-istrebitelya/
[15] Фейк: НАТО,
Украина и Грузия накаляют обстановку в Черноморском регионе // StopFake. 2019.
10 апреля. URL: https://www.stopfake.org/fejk-nato-ukraina-i-gruziya-nakalyayut-obstanovku-v-chernomorskom-regione/
[17] Фейк: Молдова отказалась от Приднестровья в угоду НАТО // StopFake. 2019. 11 февраля. URL: https://www.stopfake.org/fejk-moldova-otkazalas-ot-pridnestrovya-v-ugodu-nato/
[18] Там само.
[19] Сидоренко Сергій. Молдовський спікер: Відмова від євроінтеграції?
Ні, це не буде ціною повернення Придністров’я! // Європейська правда. 2019. 04
лютого. URL: https://www.eurointegration.com.ua/interview/2019/02/4/7092165/
[20] Російське судно таранить українське в Чорному морі – відео. URL: https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/video-taranazov-sea/29620048.html
[21] Війна у Керченській протоці: таран, штурмовики
та захоплення українських кораблів // Українська правда. 2018. 25 листопада.
URL: https://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2018/11/25/7199243/
[22] Напад Росії на українські
кораблі: фейки і маніпуляції // StopFake. 2018. 28 листопада. URL: https://www.stopfake.org/uk/napad-rosiyi-na-ukrayinski-korabli-fejki-i-manipulyatsiyi/
[23] Фейк: Україна затримуватиме в Чорному морі усі судна РФ і стрілятиме на ураження // StopFake. 2018. 12 грудня. URL: https://www.stopfake.org/uk/fejk-ukrayina-zatrymuvatyme-v-chornomu-mori-usi-sudna-rf-i-strilyatyme-na-urazhennya/
[24] Романдаш Анна. Росія рік поширювала фейки про Азовське море,
готуючись до Керченської кризи (світова преса) // Радіо «Свобода». 2018. 11
грудня. URL: https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/29650610.html
[25] Румунія виступила за посилення присутності НАТО в Чорному морі // УНІАН. 2019. 16 лют. URL: https://www.unian.ua/politics/10448745-prezident-rumuniji-pidtrimav-posilennya-nato-v-chornomu-mori.html
[26] Масний Вячеслав. США серйозно взялися контролювати Росію
в Чорному морі // УНІАН. 2019. 26 лютого. URL: https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-polytics/2648775-ssa-serjozno-vzalisa-kontroluvati-rosiu-v-cornomu-mori.html
[27] Там само.
[28] Там само.
[29] Там само.
[30] США запропонували Києву прийняти декілька
кораблів для ВМС України – екс-посол // УНІАН. 2018. 20 грудня. URL: https://www.unian.ua/war/10384269-ssha-zaproponuvali-kiyevu-priynyati-dekilka-korabliv-dlya-vms-ukrajini-eks-posol.html
[31] Те ж саме англійською: Bohdan Yaremenko, Tetiana Huchakova, Andrii Klymenko, Olha Korbut, Yurii Smelianskyi. Military Build-up of Crimea //
Black Sea Security: analytical magazine. 2017. # 2 (30). P. 23-24 (14-33). URL: https://geostrategy.org.ua/images/bss_2_engl.pdf
[32] Фонд «Майдан закордонних справ». URL:
https://www.mfaua.org/uk/about
[33] Яременко Богдан.
Чорноморський регіон між США, ЄС та Росією // Новое время. 2017. 19 верес. URL: https://nv.ua/ukr/opinion/chornomorskij-region-mizh-ssha-jes-ta-rosijeju-1876473.html?prefer_lang=ukr
[34] Див.: Житарюк Мар’ян. Соціокультурна модель журналістики:
традиції і новаторство: Монографія. Львів: Простір-М, 2008. С. 315-316.
[35] Там само. С. 137.
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