Презентацію підготовлено на Дні науки у Львівському національному університеті імені Івана Франка 22.05.2023 р. (13.30) на основі статті проф. Мар'яна Житарюка в "Українському інформаційному просторі", поданої у Випуск 1 (11), 2023.
Житарюк Мар’ян. «Гарячі точки» у ЗМІ та засобах масової інформації, пропаганди і маніпуляції. Особливості російсько-української війни 2014 р. // Вісник Львівського університету. Серія Журналістика. 2015. Випуск 40. С. 208–214. URL: http://publications.lnu.edu.ua/bulletins/index.php/journalism/article/view/5746/5757
Житарюк Мар’ян. Геноцид проти українців — реалізація національної політики Кремля (у дзеркалі світової публіцистики) // Український інформаційний простір. Число 1 Ukrainian Information Space. Issue 1. 2018. С.196-213. URL: http://ukrinfospace.knukim.edu.ua/article/view/141107
Житарюк Марʼян. Інформаційна пропаганда Кремля в контексті геополітики // Вісник Львівського університету. Серія журналістика, 2017. Вип. 42. С. 216-225. URL: http://publications.lnu.edu.ua/bulletins/index.php/journalism/article/view/7678
Житарюк Марʼян. Росія vs Захід: «паспортизація» Європи як спосіб ведення цивілізаційної гібридної війни
// Вісник Львівського університету . Серія журналістика, 2018. Вип. 43. С. 125-132.
http://publications.lnu.edu.ua/bulletins/index.php/journalism/article/view/8336
Житарюк Мар’ян. «Історична тяглість» щодо України (від Й. Сталіна до В. Путіна) у сценаріях реанімування Російської імперії / Мар’ян Житарюк // Вісник Львівського університету. Серія журналістики. Вип. 44. Львів: ЛНУ ім. І. Франка. 2018. С. 101-111. URL: http://publications.lnu.edu.ua/bulletins/index.php/journalism/article/view/9340
Житарюк М. Г. Інформаційно-психологічна складова агресії РФ проти України й Заходу (2014–2020 рр.) та способи протистояння / Марʼян Житарюк // Український інформаційний простір. 2020. Вип. 5. С. 51-70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31866/2616-7948.1(5).2020.206045. URL: http://ukrinfospace.knukim.edu.ua/article/view/206045.
Житарюк Марʼян. Закриття телеканалів News One, ZIK та «112 Україна»: медійний і політичний складник / Марʼян Житарюк // Український інформаційний простір. 2021. Ч. 7. С. 94-104. URL: http://ukrinfospace.knukim.edu.ua/article/view/233880/232508
Житарюк М. Г.
Нові виклики журналістики в умовах війни росії в Україні / М. Г. Житарюк // Актуальні проблеми сучасного
журналістикознавства : Збірник матеріалів звітної наукової конференції за 2021
рік (секція «Журналістики»), Львів, Україна, 3-4 лютого 2022 р. – Львів :
Простір-М, 2022. – С. 52-54. – URL: https://journ.lnu.edu.ua/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Zbirnyk-tez-zvitnoi-konferentsii-za-2021-rik.pdf
Житарюк М. Г. Агресія росії проти України і світу. Рефлексії в контексті виправдання війни д. мєдвєдєвим та в. путіним 4 листопада 2022 р. / Житарюк М. Г. // Вісник Львівського університету. Серія журналістика. – 2022. – Вип. 52-53. (Стаття буде на сайті на початку квітня ц. р.). URL: http://publications.lnu.edu.ua/bulletins/index.php/journalism
Marian ZHYTARYUK
The seventh year continues the phase of open aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine in the context of the civilization war of the Kremlin (East) against the EU (West). And the seventh year cannot but be surprised at the naivety of those against whom aggression or abuse is carried out. It is not a mystery that Vladimir Putin wants to destroy the European Union by reviving the Moscow Empire on the territory of the former USSR, destroying all those who are ready to confront it – the Baltic countries, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Moldova. As for others, perhaps they will not resist very much (Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, Tadzhikistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan), but are they so interesting for the Kremlin as those in West?
In the modern Moscow region, once again awarded the medals “For the Return of Crimea”1. However, the true value of such things is spelled out in the “Russian rubles” on the website “World of Faleristics”2. Here, in particular, we will see that each medal or difference has its own price. For example, the “Medal of 5 Years of the Reunion of Crimea with Russia (2014-2019)” is estimated at 499 rubles, or 167 UAH, or almost 6 US dollars, or 5 Euros.
Doctor of Science in Social Communications, Full Professor, Professor at the Department of Foreign Press and Information Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Ukraine
1 http://surl.li/mmdq
2 https://www.mir-faleristiki.ru/
There are many other «insignia» and «awards». For example, those
depicted on screens further, and those that relate not only to the annexation
of Crimea, but also to Donbass, where it seems that there were no Russian
soldiers.
And in a situation where high politics is unable or unwilling to resolve
the issue by peaceful measures, when the parity of the participants is ignored,
the military chaos unleashed by Moscow, instilled in the Donbass and Crimea,
becomes dominant. For the seventh year, Russia is de facto in a state of war
against Ukraine, albeit not officially recognized, but with cannon, tank
shelling, with trained snipers, with multiple rocket launchers (Grad,
Hurricane), with electronic reconnaissance, and most importantly, with tens of
thousands of killed, wounded, with a bullet.
In a state of permanent war against Ukraine, Moscow for hundreds of
litas. In the twentieth century. Extermination took place under the auspices of
«dispossession», the organization of collective farms and state farms. When
such a plan did not work, in 1932-1933. Mainly in Ukraine and in the
territories dominated by the Ukrainian population, Moscow staged a genocide of
Ukrainians. As a result of the Holodomor, at least seven million Ukrainians,
mainly peasants, died.
Against the background of the destruction of the national core among
people who remained alive, although they were not always ready to admit that
they were Ukrainians, the Bolshevik party took up the so-called.
industrialization. As a cheap labor force, prisoners and former prisoners were
best suited. They were brought in hundreds of thousands to the Donbass and
Crimea for the construction of steelworks and work in mines. These people
really did not need the Ukrainian language, which before the Holodomor reigned
in the vicinity of Yuzivka and other cities. So the Soviet regime for decades
emasculated the national essence and the human core, the remnants of dignity.
So the «Soviet man» was formed – «homo sovieticus», in fact a mancurt who cares
who he is, who his parents are, what his future is.
Therefore, today it is not surprising the position of nostalgia for the
USSR from the Mankurts and their descendants, who are most of all – this has
happened historically – it is in Crimea and the Donbass, who are used to myths
and are not able to assess the situation on their own, without Russian
television (we recall that, by decree of V. Putin of 2014, television is also
troops!). But each time it is more surprising to serve the invaders from the
part of society that should not resemble any shit, should not be «dirt», «foot»
of Moscow, but should be the wake of national consciousness, patriotism... And
when this is not the case, the idea of treason, about a conscious choice in
favor of the enemy.
In the case of family-godfather relations, the
Putin-Medvedchuk model does not surprise anyone. These people are very
connected. But should Ukrainian journalists sell their soul and body to please
employers? And should the leaders of the EU countries (France, Italy, the Czech
Republic, etc.) pretend that nothing has changed, that there is no geopolitical
transformation of Eurasia during Moscow's hybrid war against the West,
resorting to advice on reconciliation, understanding and resumption of dialogue
with the Kremlin? Questions are rhetorical, but let me remind myself that a
similar policy of reconciliation against Hitler-Nazi Germany in the late 30s.
XX century already took place and ended with World War II. It seems that
history does not teach everyone the way it should...
To illustrate my opinion, I recall Decree of the President of Ukraine
Volodymyr Zelensky №43/2021 «On the decision of the National Security and
Defense Council of Ukraine of February 2, 2021 On the application of personal
special economic and other restrictive measures (sanctions)» of February 2, 2021
(https://www.president.gov.ua/documents/432021-36441), which imposed sanctions on Taras Kozak, a citizen of Ukraine,
associate Viktor Medvedchuk, and part According to the decision, the activities
of three television channels are prohibited – NewsOne, ZIK and «112 Ukraine».
The NSDC calls the reasons for this step cooperation and co-financing from
illegitimate entities in the Donbass and inciting national discord on
television because of statements about the so-called civil conflict in Ukraine,
the need to negotiate with the Russian Federation and, it seems, the desire of
Ukraine to continue the war with both fraternal Russian and its own people.
Opponents of such a decision are representatives of the «Opposition
Platform - for Life» («pro-Russian political party in Ukraine» (http://surl.li/hkgx),
their political allies and controlled media, like all Russian propaganda,
impute both the NSDC and the President excessive powers, insufficient
reasoning, restriction of freedom of speech and the like. In my opinion, such a
decision is correct, but it was made very late. It was on time even not in the
fall of 2018 when the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine was defined and recommended the
relevant document for the signature to the President Petro Poroshenko, and in
spring 2014 when ideas of “Russsian
spring” and «Novorossiya» were circulating in Ukrainet, that is, when the
degree of boiling in interstate Russian-Ukrainian relations crossed all
borders, when Moscow propaganda and local collaborators inflated separatism in
Ukraine («Putin – come!», «Putin – bring in troops», «We hut in Russey», «Kiev junta», «Fascism will not come» etc.). True, until 2018, T. Kozak was not
the owner of any of the mentioned television channels. So, the previous owners
of «NewsOne» are Vadim Rabinovich and Evgeny Muraev, and T. Kozak acquired
ownership of it in October 2018, on «112 Ukraine» (http://surl.li/mvkn)
– in December, on ZIK (http://surl.li/mvkt)
– in June 2019 (until that time belonged to
Peter Dyminsky).
When it comes to the fact that adequate and decisive steps on the part
of the NSDC and the President of Ukraine should have been timely, and not six
to seven years late, then this does not mean the person of a specific politician
against whom sanctions have been imposed, but the content, content of
television or radio during this time. Until 2019, the ZIK channel was not
pro-Russian, but positioned itself as a platform for investigative journalism.
But there were other mass media that consistently introduced tension and sowed
anger. Since there were no adequate steps on the part of official Kiev, the
policy of protecting the national information space was not implemented,
permissiveness was actually encouraged, the spread of information chaos,
collaborators became by no means less.
In the context of statements by various people about the alleged
violation of freedom of speech, I wanted to parry: would comrade Joseph Stalin,
who is so honored by the Kremlin's latest propaganda, allow representatives of
Adolf Hitler to polemize on the radio? Or vice versa! Standards of journalism,
of course, always exist. But journalism cannot be considered total political
propaganda, the imposition of ideology and manipulation of consciousness! These
things are obvious to most, but not to everyone!
Therefore, I support the decision of the National Security and Defense
Council of Ukraine, President V. Zelensky, but I consider it half-hearted and
incomplete. Pro-Russian political forces have accumulated not only in these
three rating television channels, but also in many regional mass media,
including print media, which continue to function successfully, incite enmity,
talking about the need to restore the Soviet Union (Great Russia), about the
only correct faith – Moscow Orthodox, in my opinion, there should be general
criteria for protecting against foreign information influence on the political
establishment and public opinion in Ukraine. As for me, everyone who intervenes
in the internal affairs of Ukraine – with their non-track advice and
restrictions - from the East or the West, should understand that Ukraine is,
Ukraine will not be silent and will not stick its head into someone else's
loop, that during the hybrid war of Russia against the West Ukraine – also the
subject, and not only the object of political law, not only the arena of
aggravation of relations
Despite the fact that, I as the citizen am surprised by a position of
the Chairman of the National union of journalists of Ukraine Sergey Tomilenko (http://surl.li/mvrq)
who, like the pro-Russian politicians, considers that Ukraine should be made
responsible for... approach to freedom of speech... Offensively for me and for
the item of Tomilenko, both for NSZhU, and for many members of this
organization who, in silence conditions of keeping, actually share a position
of the chairman and politicians of the country aggressor. Separate voices of
journalists about it (for example, Olga Gerasymyuk), that S. Tomilenko's
statement doesn't reflect a position of members of the Union gives hope for
gradual understanding of the main point (http://surl.li/mvmz), however it would be desirable that it occurred much quicker and more
massively.
After introduction of sanctions and the termination of air on Donbass
the next aggravation takes place: because of activization of the Russian
mercenaries, mainly snipers, there are more killed and wounded Ukrainian
soldiers. The president Leonid Kravchuk, the Head of the Ukrainian delegation
in tripartite contact group on peaceful settlement of a situation in the east
of Ukraine, connects these events among themselves, sees between them
communication – «War won't end, so far Europe and the USA won't force Russia
out from Donbass and the Crimea (27.02.2021» (http://surl.li/mvot).
On this background the media managers of Ukraine, the European politicians have
to be a single whole against the Russian aggression, but isn't present... The
president of France Emmanuel Macron, considers that on other questions (except
Ukraine and Navalny where the position of the EU has to remain consecutive, in
the relations with the Russian Federation the European party has to conduct
comprehensive dialogue, his politician it is directed to restoration and
continuation of dialogue with Russia, «Europe and the Russian Federation have
the general history and culture, are geographical neighbors» (http://surl.li/mvpg).
I won't polemize with E. Macron, but I assume that the best illustration
of the mentioned dialogue of EU-Russia are the following figures
(unfortunately, for 2019): Income from export was reduced (because price of oil
was lower, than in previous years), however was 66.88 billion US dollars.
Revenues of Gazprom – 41, 63 billion US dollars, export of liquefied natural
gas (here growth half!) – 7.92 billion US dollars (http://surl.li/mvqk).
Total – 116.43 billion US dollars. And so annually (figures change a little,
but it isn't lower than 100 billion US dollars)! Here the real price to the
anti-Russian sanctions – financing of the Moscow board for hundreds of billions
dollars and refusal in financial aid to Ukraine. Masks are taken off,
conclusions are obvious.
Marian Zhytaryuk,
Doctor of Science in Social Communications, Full Professor, Head of Department of Foreign Press and Information Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Ukraine, https://orcid.org/0000-000 2-5690-5701
Victoria Zhytaryuk,
Master of Journalism, translation from Ukrainian, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3570-4521
Modern Russia, that is, Moscow, is frequently positioning itself as the Russian Empire, which understood only the language of force, weapons, violence, not partnership, negotiations and justice. Modern Moscow has recovered long ago from the USSR’s break-up in 1991, which the current and perhaps eternal and posthumous leader Vladimir Putin considers to be the “greatest geopolitical mistake” of the twentieth century. In this context, it is impossible to expect from the Kremlin nothing more than aggression, intimidation, blood and the horrors of domination.
If you go back into the history, it is easy to recall the March 8, 1169, when a military coalition of North-Russian principalities led by Vladimir-Suzdal prince Andrej Bogolyubsky began the robbery of Kiev, which lasted for five days and led to the city’s decline as ”the capital of ancient state”1 (https://www.jnsm.com.ua/h/0308N/), including the mass rape, slavery and murder of Kyiv women, mostly young2. It is also easy to recall the Mongol-Tatar burden (Golden Horde, 1237-1242), which, in fact, continued to realize the power of Moscow burden – both for the Slavic peoples and for others, mainly Tatars. There is also in native memory the destruction of Zaporizhzhya Sich (1775) as the Cossack state in general, and the seizure of a large part of the Caucasus and Crimea (1774), and Moscow’s approval on the northern Black Sea coast. The seizure of Bessarabia in 1812 was only the beginning of Moscow fable which was lasted for tens and hundreds times and which is still valid, about that it is the Russian tsar (ruler) who alone defends the interests of the Orthodox and protects Christians. There-fore, it is necessary to be afraid of Russian language, Russian Orthodoxy and Russian birch trees, because these symbols are capable to actualize the possible “defenses” of Moscovites in foreign lands, such as in Transnistria (last 25 years), in the Republic of Ichkeria (the end of XX – the beginning of XXI century), in Georgia (2008), in the Ukrainian Crimea (2014), in Donbass (from 2014 until now), in Syria (in recent years)…
In modern Russia, where the largest supplies of drinking water are concentrated, where there are most other natural reserves (oil, gas, gold, coal, ores of
ferrous and non-ferrous metals, including gold, precious stones, first of all
diamonds, wood), there are the largest area of the world, it turns out, that all this is not enough to just to live
for itself, to make friends with
neighbors, to
improve the social standards of own citizens. Modern Russia needs new victories at any costs. She needs a victory to be the subject of new pride. And it is no matter how the Russians live, the main thing is in that they, more precisely
their rulers and their weapons, should be feared all over the world!
It so happened that because of the Moscow aggression in
Ukraine, the Kiev ruling clique did not obey and began an
information confrontation, organized a positional confrontation with the
separatist centers under the Kremlin patronage. Official Kyiv began to entreat for
assistance. And sanctions were as a result of this.
There are many positions, valuations and admonitions in this regard, but I would recommend to pay attention to the research “Sanctions against Russia: the current
state, prospects, successes and gaps of the multilateral international
sanctions regime against the Russian Federation”,
Kyiv, 2019[1] (http://icps.com.ua/assets/uploads/images/files/t_sankcii_rf_a4_ukr.pdf). Experts of the International Center for Prospect Studies – Mykola Kapitonenko, Anastasia Galushka, Yegor
Kiyan, Maxim Stepanenko, of the Ukrainian Institute of the Future – Ilia Kusa,
Igor Tyshkevich, Viktor Andrusiv; and of the “Sanctions 2020” Initiatives – Anna Talimonchuk;
and experts from the World Policy Institute and a number of
other analytic
centers participated in the preparation and
discussion of this research.
We remember that in 2014, the USA,
EU, Canada, Australia and several other countries harshly condemned to the Russia’s annexation of the Crimea, to the
Donbas war, and imposed sanctions against the
aggressor. Researchers say that economic, diplomatic and other sanctions have
become a typical instrument of international policy to influence on the geopolitical decisions of the government against which
they are directed. Despite the Russia’s important position in the international arena, the USA and EU have stated that they will not cancel the sanction regime for the time than Russia implementates the Minsk agreements and returns the annexed Crimean
peninsula to Ukraine[2]. The impact of sanctions
on the Russian economy is much talked about, but it is difficult to
establish their effectiveness at the economic and political levels. At the same
time, efficiency is a key component, since sanctions are first of all a means to cease and to
stop the
Russian aggression and to restore Ukraine’s territorial integrity. The sanctions
themselves were not enough to change Russia’s foreign policy. Even so, the authors ask the question:
does this mean that sanctions are completely ineffective? And they replied: “Although the sanctions did not affect on the Russia’s behavior, they were still effective.
Despite the negative
impact of sanctions on the Russian economy
compared to 2014, was worldwide observed, the caused economic damage was not enough to change Russia’s policy towards Ukraine. It can be assumed that the
sanctions against Russia have not yet reached their full potential
due to their insufficient impact on the Russian economy and political class.
But what’s next: tightening of the sanctions,
maintaining the status quo, or gradually their mitigation? Modifications to strength more efficient and to mitigate the less effective instruments? What will be the conditions for the decisions of the multilateral sanctions
against Russia?”[3]
The question is, of course, urgent, but, in response to the
inculcation
of sanctions against the Russian Federation, Moscow, for the first, emphasize a
humanitarian catastrophe, by provoking and
stimulating the uncontrolled flow of migrants (again by terror and killing,
like Vladimir Lenin) in Syria, displaying
military power, involving the navy and
aviation. For
the second, by fair means or foul (by finance and oil dependency of the
old world, that
is by political corruption) it stores its place in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of
Europe. For
the third, Moscow resolved the Law on Non-recognition on the Russian territory
the decisions of international courts, including the European
Court of Human Rights: “Under the new decree, which was
released on
the December 15, 2019, the Constitutional
Court of Russia is authorized to decide on the possibility or impossibility of
implementation of the decisions of international courts. Simplier to say, if the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation
finds that the ECtHR has resolved an unlawful decision, then it
will not be necessary to implement such a decision”[4] (https://sovetnik.eu/rossiya-poluchila-pravo-ne-priznavat-resheniya-espch.html). You can also enumerate other versions of demonstrating
the “impregnability” of official Moscow:
intransigence in the Minsk negotiation process, especially in the question of election, security and
borders, fighting in Donbass, obviously, the achievement of secret diplomacy of
the Russian Federation in negotiations with the West countries in consequence of this
it is possible to observe weakening of the the influence of the latter on the eastern vector, in
particular, the
USA ignoring the interests of the Kurds, the
beginning of the withdrawal of USA military (and after them – representatives of
the Western coalition) from Afghanistan, withdrawing from the international obligations
to reduce and nonspread of nuclear
power, unprecedented modernization of weapons, warming in relations
with some leaders of the EU, including French President Emanuel Macron, the
actual legalization of the State Duma’s decision to stay retain V. Putin for ever on a post of a state chairman.
Moscovia, as before, as ever, needs a tsar.
Moscovia cannot be satisfied with the language of
negotiations, persuasions, diplomatic methods. It will always strive to impose on the
world its “values-traditions” that will have importance if the Moscovites dominate –
in the regional, European, Middle Eastern, world dimension.
Until then, the Moscovites will fight for the dreams of
their tsar and their authorities to become reality. The choice of
forces, tools and means is no longer a question. If it is
necessary to punish or destroy the enemy, the Kremlin is ready to use even the nuclear weapons, because compatriots all the same will forgive this sacrifice for the sake of the idea of “Slavic world”, “triumph of Orthodoxy”,
even at the cost of their own lives, because they will get
into paradise as martyrs[5]...
How, in this context, the position of the West, even, pro-Ukrainian and even anti-Putin, should be evaluated,
but the position with which Putin is made advances,
from which Putin is persuaded, from which Putin is trying to pacify, in a word, they do the same way they did before the Second World War with A. Hitler. The result of such a condemning-persuading-pasifing policy of the aggressor is well known to all. The West is once again approaching the same rake, trying to keep
its face in an unpleasant situation. The West introduces sanctions as if against the Kremlin, but in reality against some individuals (not against all, but only
a part!), which have political connections with Moscow
authorities. It does not impose sectoral, banking sanctions, that is, it allows
the Kremlin’s power to stay afloat and to cock a shook to the world. The West confirms its own inability or unwillingness to declare the Russian
Federation its enemy. The West has never realized that, despite its advances to Moscow and its perception as an obstinate companion, the official Kremlin has long waged a hybrid
war against the West - informational, cultural, historical and
has chosen the territory of modern Ukraine as a field of
local battles against the West, whose Ukraine that for
some reason dared to show her aggressor her teeth.
“The main purpose of sanctions, - as it is rightly stated in the above-mentioned research, - is to change the behavior of the
state against which sanctions are directed”[6]. Did Moscow’s behavior against
Ukraine and the West diminish? The question is rhetorical.
By the way, the Ukrainian mass media (especially
television), despite its considerable affiliation with the oligarchy, which in
recent decades is de facto a rulling caste
(political slogans, colors, rhetoric have changed, but not the essence –
anti-national, anti-social, dehumanizing), however they were able to keep their hands on the pulse of life,
taking in a principled patriotic, honest and professional position – Maidan-2004, Revolution
of Dignity-2013-2014. Ukrainian media and social networks have learned how to catch politicians on lies, how to
ask direct and awkward questions, how to demand explanation
– including about the treason in the negotiations in Minsk, when it is said about the
attempt to legitimize terrorist organizations
from ORDLO (Separate areas of Donetsk and Luhansk areas), with so-called the
LNR and the DNR[7]. But the problem with the
Ukrainian media is that they remain local, separated from he world contexts, they in no way affect the formation of an “agenda” in the world.
Recently, Ukrainian television has become almost inaccessible to Ukrainians as
well, since January 2020
satellite channels of the leading national
broadcasters have been encoded in Ukraine. If you
want to watch –you must pay. So-called T2 – decoders
more or less provide signal in big cities, which is not the case with villages
or remote areas.
In the context of understanding the place and role of Moscovia, I believe,
that the thesis of an international security expert, candidate of political science,
associate professor of the Taras Shevchenko National
University in Kyiv, director of the Center for International Relations
Research, a non-governmental organization dealing with regional security and of
Foreign Policy of Ukraine, Mykola Kapitonenko is worthy of note. In the speech “Russia’s Neighborhood Policy (Doctrine of “Limited
Sovereignty”)” on the “Foreign
Policy Portal” web site (http://fpp.com.ua), in the section “Generalized
Conclusions”, the author, in particular, notes that the situation in
the region of Eastern Europe and in all the
sub-regions important to Ukraine, including the Black Sea, is extremely
difficult today. In
the medium-term perspective it will remain the same,
since the factors detemining the security profile are, for the first, the revisionist policy of Russia aimed at reviewing
the current international institutes and norms, secondly, Russia’s long-term
desire to maintain / strengthen control over the "near abroad" states
and the Kremlin’s choice of methods to achieve this, for the third, the weakness of regional security structures, for the fourth, the lack of democracy in the region, and for the fifth, the crisis of confidence and the gradual transformation of
regional policy into a zero-sum game[8].
The essence of the geopolitical insolence of the cessionary of the Soviet Union and tsarist Russia
can be understood, but not justified. It is no secret for anyone that, being
the largest
state in the territory in the world, the largest military
power in the region (for example, towards the 2017,
Moscow spent more than $ 61 billion on the army, that’s five times more than Turkey and almost seven times more than Poland), but having an underdeveloped economy – about 2
percent of the world, Moscovia
will try to maintain its leadership position in terms of influence at the
expense of its closest neighbors, the so-called “Near
abroad”, which do not go out beyond NATO member
countries
bounds, because the greatest
regional potential of foreign policy of the Russian Federation is concentrated there[9]. M. Kapitenko rightly summarizes that the main goal of
Putin’s policy is to strengthen or at least maintain its influence
on the foreign and domestic policies of the Near abroad countries and this is possible
under the conditions of implementation of a number of steps, which, for the first, are formulated in
regulatory documents of Russia Federation, secondly, has emerged from the Kremlin’s foreign policy practices in recent years[10]. We are talking about the
Concept of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation of November 30, 2016, in
particular, about the part IV, devoted
to regional priorities, and about the article by
Vladimir Putin (it is also called programmatic!) “The
new integration project for Eurasia – the future that is born
today” (October 2011)[11].
As far as 2011, it became apparent to all the people in the world
that Putin’s policy, that the policy of modern Moscovia, is the Soviet Union’s resuscitation policy, the policy of defining such an “agenda” in which the
Kremlin should dominate on the Eurasian territory. These
things could not be doubted after the war crimes and humanitarian catastrophes
in Ichkeria, Abkhazia, Georgia, which Moscow used as a litmus test of the
inadequacy, timeliness, indifference and cynicism of Western partners, which in the end did not
particularly want to be involved into geopolitics peculiarities according to Moscow’s plan. As for me, the
absence of a coherent Western front even then encourased the Kremlin’s new crimes, which
continue to this day. These new crimes made the USA,
Canada, the EU a little upset, and imposed light sanctions against the
aggressor in Ukraine and Syria, but no more.
The key question is one: The West cannot or the West does not want to
break the spine of a new imperial power with a center in Moscow?
If Putin understood that
the West does not yet want to destroy Russia, then it would behave in the international arena, though brutally, with a challenge,
but with caution. But if Putin realized that the West
cannot (will not oppose) the Kremlin, then Putin would not stop at NATO borders, but would
do everything to wreck both NATO and the EU. The only
question is: when and how?
Bibliography
1.
«Зрада, крутіша за коронавірус»: мережі лютують через переговори в Мінську
// BBC-Україна. 2020. 13 берез. URL: https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/features-51871711
2.
Капітоненко Микола. Політика Росії щодо сусідніх держав (доктрина
«обмеженого суверенітету»). URL: http://fpp.com.ua/polityka-rosiyi-shhodo-susidnih-derzhav-doktryna-obmezhenogo-suverenitetu/
3.
Крамар Олександр. Путін зробив ставку на реанімацію СРСР // Тиждень. 2011.
5 жовт. URL: https://tyzhden.ua/World/32268
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(ВІДЕО) // Депо.юа. 2018. 18 жовт. URL:
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Россия получила право не признавать решения ЕСПЧ. URL: https://sovetnik.eu/rossiya-poluchila-pravo-ne-priznavat-resheniya-espch.html.
6.
Санкції
проти Росії. Нинішній стан, перспективи, успіхи та
прогалини багатостороннього міжнародного санкційного режиму проти Російської
Федерації. К., 2019.
– 48 с. URL: http://icps.com.ua/assets/uploads/images/files/t_sankcii_rf_a4_ukr.pdf
7.
Цей день в історії: 8 березня 1169 р. Розорення Києва Андрієм Боголюбським.
URL: https://www.jnsm.com.ua/h/0308N/
[1] Санкції проти Росії. Нинішній стан, перспективи, успіхи та прогалини багатостороннього
міжнародного санкційного режиму проти Російської Федерації. К., 2019. – 48 с. URL: http://icps.com.ua/assets/uploads/images/files/t_sankcii_rf_a4_ukr.pdf
[2] Ibid.
[3] Ibid.
[4] Россия получила право не
признавать решения ЕСПЧ. URL:
https://sovetnik.eu/rossiya-poluchila-pravo-ne-priznavat-resheniya-espch.html.
[5] Росіяни-мученики – в рай,
решта – здохнуть: Як Путін ядерну війну описував (ВІДЕО) // Депо.юа. 2018. 18
жовт. URL: https://www.depo.ua/ukr/svit/rosiyani-mucheniki-v-ray-reshta-zdohnut-yak-putin-yadernu-viynu-opisuvav-video-20181018855334
[7] “Зрада, крутіша за
коронавірус”:
мережі лютують через переговори в Мінську // BBC.
Україна. 2020. 13 берез. URL: https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/features-51871711
[8] Капітоненко Микола. Політика
Росії щодо сусідніх держав (доктрина «обмеженого суверенітету»). URL: http://fpp.com.ua/polityka-rosiyi-shhodo-susidnih-derzhav-doktryna-obmezhenogo-suverenitetu/
[9] Ibid.
[10] Ibid.
[11] Див.: Крамар Олександр. Путін
зробив ставку на реанімацію СРСР // Тиждень. 2011. 5 жовт. URL: https://tyzhden.ua/World/32268
1 Цей день в історії: 8 березня 1169 р. Розорення Києва Андрієм Боголюбським. URL: https://www. jnsm. com.ua/h/0308N/
2 Isn’t it worth to Ukrainian women to ponder over that the day of the murder of hundreds and thousands of Ukrainian girls in Kyiv should still be celebrated as the so-called day of solidarity for women, or should it be declared as a Day of Mourning?
